Bacterial cells designed to reflect sound waves for ultrasound imaging

Researchers have created bacterial cells with the ability to reflect sound waves.

The ultimate goal is to be able to inject therapeutic bacteria into a patient’s body–for example, as probiotics to help treat diseases of the gut or as targeted tumour treatments–and then use ultrasound machines to hit the engineered bacteria with sound waves to generate images that reveal the locations of the microbes. The pictures would let doctors know if the treatments made it to the right place in the body and were working properly.

“We are engineering the bacterial cells so they can bounce sound waves back to us and let us know their location the way a ship or submarine scatters sonar when another ship is looking for it,” says Mikhail Shapiro, Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering, Schlinger Scholar, and Heritage Medical Research Institute Investigator. “We want to be able to ask the bacteria, ‘Where are you and how are you doing?’ The first step is to learn to visualise and locate the cells, and the next step is to communicate with them.”

Prof Shapiro wants to solve this problem with ultrasound techniques because sound waves can travel deeper into bodies. He says he had a eureka moment when he learned about gas-filled protein structures in water-dwelling bacteria that help regulate the organisms’ buoyancy. Prof Shapiro hypothesized that these structures, called gas vesicles, could bounce back sound waves in ways that make them distinguishable from other types of cells. Indeed, Prof Shapiro and his colleagues demonstrated that the gas vesicles can be imaged with ultrasound in the guts and other tissues of mice.

The team’s next goal was to transfer the genes for making gas vesicles from the water-dwelling bacteria into a different type of bacteria–Escherichia coli, which is commonly used in microbial therapeutics, such as probiotics.

“We wanted to teach the E. coli bacteria to make the gas vesicles themselves,” says Prof Shapiro. “I’ve been wanting to do this ever since we realised the potential of gas vesicles, but we hit some roadblocks along the way. When we finally got the system to work, we were ecstatic.”

One of the challenges the team hit involved the transfer of the genetic machinery for gas vesicles into E. coli. They first tried to transfer gas-vesicle genes isolated from a water-dwelling bacterium called Anabaena flos-aquae, but this didn’t work–the E. coli failed to make the vesicles. They tried again using gas-vesicle genes from a closer relative of E. coli, a bacterium called Bacillus megaterium. This didn’t succeed either because the resulting gas vesicles were too small to efficiently scatter sound waves. Finally, the team tried a mix of genes from both species–and it worked. The E. coli made gas vesicles on their own.

The gas vesicle genes code for proteins that act like either bricks or cranes in building the final vesicle structure–some of the proteins are the building blocks of the vesicles while some help in actually assembling the structures. “Essentially, we figured out that we need the bricks from Anabaena flos-aquae and the cranes from Bacillus megaterium in order for the E. coli to be able to make gas vesicles,” says Dr Raymond Bourdeau.

Subsequent experiments from the team demonstrated that the engineered E. coli could indeed be imaged and located within the guts of mice using ultrasound.

“This is the first acoustic reporter gene for use in ultrasound imaging,” says Prof Shapiro. “We hope it will ultimately do for ultrasound what green fluorescent protein has done for light-based imaging techniques, which is to really revolutionise the imaging of cells in ways there were not possible before.”

The researchers say the technology should be available soon to scientists who do research in animals, although it will take many more years to develop the method for use in humans.

The results of the study will be published in the journal Nature.